Give greater focus to knowledge skills, especially thinking and communication skills. This should be achieved across the curriculum, through existing content-based subjects, through General Paper (GP) and Project Work (PW), and a new elective subject, 'Knowledge and Inquiry' (KI).

Give every student a broader education by requiring all students to offer subjects in both the Arts/Humanities and Maths/Science, besides GP, PW and Mother Tongue Language (MTL).

Give greater flexibility in scope and combinations of subjects by introducing two levels for each content-based subject - H1 and H2 levels. The H2 level is equivalent in rigour to the current 'A' level, and the H1 equivalent to half the content of an H2. Students must offer a minimum of 3 H2 content-based subjects.

Provide space for students to pursue beyond the regular curriculum areas which they have special strengths in and passion for. They can offer subjects at a new H3 level, which can be in the form of independent research, undergraduate modules, or new MOE developed curricular units.

Re-define and update subjects to reflect advances in knowledge. One possible new subject to be considered is Bio-chemistry.

Place added emphasis on the non-academic curriculum to develop strength of character, leadership, and team skills.

Align teaching and assessment methods with curricular changes to develop students' abilities to think and learn, independently and creatively.

Trim curriculum content. Reduce sizing of content-based subjects to prevent curriculum overload and to free up time for proposed enhancements - especially the broader subject curriculum, the delivery of PW within the formal curriculum, and new teaching methods.

Revise university admission criteria to be aligned with the broader and more flexible JC curriculum.

Continue to use the "Singapore-Cambridge 'A' levels" framework, to reflect continuity in our examination standards and to retain the strong international cachet that the Singapore brand of 'A' levels enjoys.

Introduce integrated programmes (IP) that provide a seamless upper secondary and JC education for students who can benefit from a less structured progression, without having to take the 'O' levels. The time freed up can be used to further develop students' capacities for creative and critical thinking, and leadership.

Continue the 3-year pre-university programme to cater to students who can benefit from a longer programme.

Encourage the establishment of new, specialised Independent Schools that cater to students with talents in specific fields. These include the arts, sports, and maths and science.

Allow schools to adopt alternative curricula and qualifications that are well recognised internationally, besides the 'O' and 'A' levels.

Allow 2-3 privately-funded schools at the secondary/JC level to be set up. These schools should meet certain requirements to ensure that all Singapore students learn and interact in an environment that nurtures a Singaporean spirit and character

The inner circle centring on life skills ensures that students acquire sound values and skills to take them through life as responsible adults and active citizens. It comprises the non-academic curriculum, i.e. CCA, CDP, CME, NE, PCCG and PE*.

The middle circle on knowledge skills seeks to develop our students' thinking, process and communication skills. It comprises our skills-based subjects, i.e. GP, PW and KI.

The outermost circle covers the content-based subject disciplines, i.e. Languages, Humanities/Arts, and Maths/Sciences. It ensures that students acquire a multi-disciplinary grounding.

All students must offer PW and MTL at H1 level. Students must also offer either GP at H1 or KI at H2.

In addition, students must offer at least 4 content-based subjects, 3 of which have to be at H2 level. Subjects must cover both the Arts/Humanities and Mathematics/Sciences disciplines. The exception would be students who offer KI, who would be considered to have done a contrasting subject.

Students capable of an expanded curriculum can offer 5 content-based subjects (3H2, 2 H1).

The contrasting subject that all students are required to take can be offered at either H1 or H2 level.